A crash test is an experiment that simulates a vehicle collision to evaluate how well a car protects occupants and external objects. It is a critical part of automotive safety regulations and a “must-pass” step for vehicle development and market approval.
Frontal Crash Tests
100% Overlap Rigid Barrier: The entire front of the vehicle collides with a rigid wall, testing overall structural integrity and occupant protection.
40% Overlap Deformable Barrier: Only part of the front hits a deformable barrier, simulating real-world partial-overlap accidents.
Side Crash Tests
Vehicles collide with side barriers or moving obstacles to evaluate doors, B-pillars, and side airbag protection.
Rear-End and Multi-Angle Crash Tests
Simulate collisions in complex traffic situations, evaluating seat, headrest, and overall vehicle safety performance.
Purpose: Simulate human body structure and biomechanics, recording acceleration, force, and displacement data during collisions.
Key Components: Head, torso, limbs, pelvis
Sensor System: Accelerometers, force sensors, displacement sensors
Development: From GM’s Hybrid I in 1971 to modern full-body sensor dummies, now capable of accurately replicating human motion and collecting detailed data.
Early 20th century: Manufacturers began basic safety experiments.
1966: NHTSA established in the U.S., starting systematic crash testing.
1970s: Europe introduces crash tests; FMVSS 208 regulation released by NHTSA.
1980s onward: Testing diversified; Euro NCAP began systematic vehicle safety evaluations.
Modern era: Crash tests now cover passive and active safety, including autonomous driving and intelligent connected vehicle technologies.
Protects Occupants: Evaluates airbags, seats, and seatbelt effectiveness.
Improves Vehicle Design: Guides optimization of structural integrity and energy-absorbing components.
Regulatory Requirement: Essential for market approval and compliance with safety standards.
